Table 1 Factors associated with the development of visceral obesity

Genetics

Ethnicity, hypothalamic genetic disorders, etc.

[28–32]

Age

↑ Age → ↑ WC (Age > 60 → ↑ WC)

[33, 34]

Sex

Male WC > Female WC

[33]

Physical Activity Status

↑ Physical Activity Status → ↓ WC

[35, 36]

Dietary Composition

↑ Fat/Fructose content → ↑ WHR

[37–39]

Smoking

↑ Smoking → ↑ WHR

[8, 40]

Alcohol Consumption

↑ Alcohol consumption → ↑ WHR

[8, 41]

Socio-Economic Status

↓ Socio-Economic Status → ↑ WHR

[8, 42]

Stress-related Mood

↑ Depression/Anxiety → ↑ WHR

[8, 43]

Disorders