Table 1 Details for the microCT scans illustrated in Figures. 2–15

2

Polyodon head

Bouin's, 70% ethanol

PTA

Xradia

60 kV, 8 W

34 keV

11 sec

2.2 hrs

5.6 μm

3

Polyodon sections

Bouin's, 70% ethanol

PTA

Xradia

80 kV, 8 W

41 keV

14 sec

2.8 hrs

4.3 μm

3

grayling section

formalin

PTA

Xradia

40 kV, 8 W

26 keV

60 sec

12 hrs

2.1 μm

4

axolotl

glyoxal, 70% ethanol

PTA

Xradia

60 kV, 8 W

34 keV

15 sec

3 hrs

9.6 μm

5

pike hatchling

formalin

IKI

Xradia

30 kV, 6 W

22 keV

20 sec

4 hrs

4.0 μm

6

lamprey

formalin, 70% ethanol

I2E

SkyScan 1174

50 kV, 8 W

30 keV

1.6 sec 12

4.2 hrs

15 μm

7

Polyodon head

formalin, methanol

I2M

Xradia

80 kV, 8 W

41 keV

13 sec

2.6 hrs

5.1 μm

7

sturgeon pectoral fin

Dent's, methanol

I2M

Xradia

40 kV, 8 W

26 keV

10 sec

2 hrs

9.2 μm

8

Xenopus embryos

formalin

PTA IKI

Xradia

80 kV, 8 W

60 kV, 8 W

41 keV 34 keV

20 sec

25 sec

4 hrs

5 hrs

2.1 μm

3.2 μm

9

mouse embryo

paraform-aldehyde

IKI

Xradia

80 kV, 8 W

41 keV

13 sec

2.6 hrs

9.0 μm

9

mouse embryo

paraform-aldehyde

PTA

Xradia

60 kV, 4 W

34 keV

15 sec

3 hrs

9.6 μm

9

mouse embryo

EM fix, resin block

OsO₄

Mayo Clinic

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

8.2 μm

10

insect thorax

Bouin's, 70% ethanol

I2E

Xradia

60 kV, 5 W

34 keV

20 sec

4 hrs

4.3 μm

10

insect head

Bouin's, 70% ethanol

I2E

Xradia

60 kV, 5 W

34 keV

80 sec

16 hrs

2.0 μm

11

insect tibia

Bouin's/alcohol, 70% ethanol

PTA

Xradia

60 kV, 4 W

34 keV

40 sec

8 hrs

0.9 μm

12

fly pupa

hot ethanol, 70% ethanol

PTA

SkyScan 1174

50 kV, 8 W

30 keV

1.6 sec 8

2.75 hrs

7.7 μm

13

Falcidens

EM fix, resin block

OsO₄

Xradia

60 kV, 8W

80 kV, 8W

34 keV

5 sec

35 sec

1 hr

7 hrs

3.2 μm

1.6 μm

14

bryozoan Cristatella

Bouin's

PTA

Xradia

40 kV, 8 W

26 keV

5 sec

1 hr

4.2 μm

15

squid hatchlings

gluteraldehyde, cacodylate buffer

PTA IKI

Xradia

90 kV, 4W

40 kV, 6W

44 keV

26 keV

15 sec

20 sec

3 hrs

4 hrs

4.0 μm

4.4 μm