Table 1 List of seven key biochemical differentially expressed in heat-stressed and control animals*

5,6-Dihydrouracil (pyrimidine metabolism)

Early signal of apoptosis; DNA damage from reactive oxygen species elevation; deficiency

[22]-[25]

3-Ureidopropionate (alanine/aspartate metabolism)

Increased reactive oxygen species; inhibition of mitochondrial energy metabolism; neurotoxic/excitotoxic

[26]

Ornithine (urea cycle, arginine metabolism)

Production of arginine and increase in autophagy, cell death, removal of excess NH4⁺, energy metabolism; slight renal dysfunction

[27]

Glutathione disulfide, oxidized (redox)

Apoptosis, DNA damage, cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, metabolism; redox stress and/or crisis due to elevated reactive oxygen species

[28]-[30]

Corticosterone (steroid/sterol metabolism)

Mitochondrial conversion of acetyl-CoA to cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol to corticosterone; adrenal cortex production of cholesterol to pregnenalone, and ultimately cortisol; involved in glucocorticoid activity and stress response

[31]

7-α-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate [7-HOCA] (steroid/sterol metabolism)

Bile acid synthesis from cholesterol; CYP7A1 activity in the liver; bile acid synthesis

[32]

Pyridoxal (vitamin B metabolism)

decreased renal function; Anabolism; cofactor for reaction releasing glucose from glycogen

[33]