Table 2 Review of 15 metabolites differentiating animals with histopathological evidence of cardioinflammation from uninjured animals

Ornithine (phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism)

inhibition of nitric oxide; relationship between nitric oxide modulation of the Frank-Starling response in heart; nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase are sensitive to thermal stress in fish

[42]

3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) propionate (phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism)

Biological nitrification inhibition (in plants); phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations are reduced after Hsp70 increase and heat stress (in yeast)

[43],[44]

N1-Methyladenosine (purine metabolism, adenine containing)

N1-methyladenosine analogues are cardioprotective agents in ischemic reperfusion model; decreased infarction; purine metabolism associated with myocardial steatosis and down-regulation of adipose triglyceride In heart

[45],[46]

Xylonate (nucleotide sugars, pentose metabolism)

Deficiency in pentose metabolism produces a protective effect through decreased cholesterol synthesis, superoxide production, and reductive stress

[47]

1-Stearoylglycerol (1-Monostearin) (monoacylglycerol)

Associated with increased lipid catabolism and remodeling mitochondrial oxidation to aerobic glycolysis (hepatocellular carcinoma)

[48]

Carnitine (carnitine metabolism)

Disrupted carnitine metabolism is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and increased pulmonary flow (lamb model); cardioprotective by increasing heat shock protein synthesis in adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy

[49]-[51]

Taurodeoxycholate (bile acid metabolism)

Bile acids exert a protective effect after ischemic injury in porcine hearts; cause endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrial stress; deoxycholate and taurodeoxycholate affect heart mitochondria by decreasing respiration, affecting membrane potential, inducing mitochondrial permeability transition, and altering mitochondrial bioenergetics; impaired cardiac mitochondrial function may cause cardiac alterations in cholestasis

[52]-[55]

Deoxycholate (bile acid metabolism)

(see above)

(see above)

Trigonelline (N’-Methylnicotinate) (nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism)

Cardioprotective effects after isoproterenol induced myocardial dysfunction (reduction in Hsp27, αB-crystallin and calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase-II-δ)

[56]

Diisopropanolamine (xenobiotics - chemical metabolism)

Increases choline uptake without affecting phospholipid synthesis (Chinese hamster ovary cells)

[57]

X – 17502 (Unknown)

n/a

n/a

X – 12419 (unknown)

n/a

n/a

X – 15808 (unknown)

n/a

n/a

X – 12131 (unknown)

n/a

n/a

X – 15651 (unknown)

n/a

n/a