|
Ornithine (phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism)
|
inhibition of nitric oxide; relationship between nitric oxide modulation of the Frank-Starling response in heart; nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase are sensitive to thermal stress in fish
|
[42]
|
|
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) propionate (phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism)
|
Biological nitrification inhibition (in plants); phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations are reduced after Hsp70 increase and heat stress (in yeast)
|
[43],[44]
|
|
N1-Methyladenosine (purine metabolism, adenine containing)
|
N1-methyladenosine analogues are cardioprotective agents in ischemic reperfusion model; decreased infarction; purine metabolism associated with myocardial steatosis and down-regulation of adipose triglyceride In heart
|
[45],[46]
|
|
Xylonate (nucleotide sugars, pentose metabolism)
|
Deficiency in pentose metabolism produces a protective effect through decreased cholesterol synthesis, superoxide production, and reductive stress
|
[47]
|
|
1-Stearoylglycerol (1-Monostearin) (monoacylglycerol)
|
Associated with increased lipid catabolism and remodeling mitochondrial oxidation to aerobic glycolysis (hepatocellular carcinoma)
|
[48]
|
|
Carnitine (carnitine metabolism)
|
Disrupted carnitine metabolism is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and increased pulmonary flow (lamb model); cardioprotective by increasing heat shock protein synthesis in adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy
|
[49]-[51]
|
|
Taurodeoxycholate (bile acid metabolism)
|
Bile acids exert a protective effect after ischemic injury in porcine hearts; cause endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrial stress; deoxycholate and taurodeoxycholate affect heart mitochondria by decreasing respiration, affecting membrane potential, inducing mitochondrial permeability transition, and altering mitochondrial bioenergetics; impaired cardiac mitochondrial function may cause cardiac alterations in cholestasis
|
[52]-[55]
|
|
Deoxycholate (bile acid metabolism)
|
(see above)
|
(see above)
|
|
Trigonelline (N’-Methylnicotinate) (nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism)
|
Cardioprotective effects after isoproterenol induced myocardial dysfunction (reduction in Hsp27, αB-crystallin and calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase-II-δ)
|
[56]
|
|
Diisopropanolamine (xenobiotics - chemical metabolism)
|
Increases choline uptake without affecting phospholipid synthesis (Chinese hamster ovary cells)
|
[57]
|
|
X – 17502 (Unknown)
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
|
X – 12419 (unknown)
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
|
X – 15808 (unknown)
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
|
X – 12131 (unknown)
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
|
X – 15651 (unknown)
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
