Medici M, Korevaar TI, Visser WE, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Thyroid function in pregnancy: What is normal? Clin Chem. 2015;61(5):704–13. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2014.236646.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lazarus JH. Thyroid function in pregnancy. Br Med Bull. 2011;97:137–48.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stricker RT, Echenard M, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Perez V, Quinn FA, et al. Evaluation of maternal thyroid function during pregnancy: the importance of using gestational age-specific reference intervals. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157:509–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Soldin OP, Soldin D, Sastoque M. Gestation-specific thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone levels in the United States and worldwide. Ther Drug Monit. 2007;29(5):553–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dhatt GS, Jayasundaram R, Warethc LA, Krishnasamy Jayasundaram NN, Darwish EA, Lewis A. Thyrotrophin and free thyroxine trimester-specific reference intervals in a mixed ethnic pregnant population in the United Arab Emirates. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;370:147–51.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Azizi F, Mehran L, Amouzegar A, Delshad H, Tohidi M, Askari S, Hedayati M. Establishment of the trimester-specific reference range for free thyroxine index. Thyroid. 2013;23(3):354.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marwaha RK, Chopra S, Gopalakrishnan S, Sharma B, Kanwar RS, Sastry A, Singh S. Establishment of reference range for thyroid hormones in normal pregnant Indian women. BJOG. 2008;115(5):602–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shen FX, Xie ZW, Shi-Ming Lu SM, Tar-Choon Aw TC, Zhu B. Gestational thyroid reference intervals in antibody-negative Chinese women. Clin Biochem. 2014;47:673–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Akarsu S, Akbiyik F, Karaismailoglu E, Dikmen ZG. Gestation specific reference intervals for thyroid function tests in pregnancy. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016. doi:10.1515/cclm-2015-0569. [Epub ahead of print].
Bocos-Terraz JP, Izquierdo-Álvarez S, Bancalero-Flores JL, Álvarez-Lahuerta R, Aznar-Sauca A, Real-López E, Ibáñez-Marco R, Bocanegra-García V, Rivera-Sánchez G. Thyroid hormones according to gestational age in pregnant Spanish women. BMC Res Notes. 2009;2:237. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-237.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McLeod DS, Cooper DS, Ladenson PW, Whiteman DC, Jordan SJ. Race/ethnicity and the prevalence of thyrotoxicosis in young Americans. Thyroid. 2015. [Epub ahead of print].
Ryckman KK, Spracklen CN, Dagle JM, Murray JC. Maternal factors and complications of preterm birth associated with neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2014;27(9–10):929–38.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Solanki A, Bansal S, Jindal S, Saxena V, Shukla US. Relationship of serum thyroid stimulating hormone with body mass index in healthy adults. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17 Suppl 1:S167–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ali AA, Okud A, Khojali A, Adam I. High incidence of obstetric complications in Kassala Hospital, Eastern Sudan. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;32(2):148–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Elhaj ET, Adam I, Alim A, Elhassan EM, Lutfi MF. Thyroid function/antibodies in Sudanese patients with preeclampsia. Front Endocrinol. 2015;6:87. doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00087.
Article
Google Scholar
van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH. Significance of (sub) clinical thyroid dysfunction a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update. 2011;17(5):605–19.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boas M, Forman JL, Juul A, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Skakkebaek NE, Hilsted L, Chellakooty M, Larsen T, Larsen JF, Petersen JH, Main KM. Narrow intra-individual variation of maternal thyroid function in pregnancy based on a longitudinal study on 132 women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161(6):903–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sarkar D. Recurrent pregnancy loss in patients with thyroid dysfunction. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16 Suppl 2:S350–1.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Eltom A, Elnagar B, Elbagir M, et al. Thyroglobulin in serum as an indicator of iodine status during pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2000;60:1–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Das SC, Isichei UP, Mohammed AZ, Otokwula AA, Emokpae A. Impact of iodine deficiency on thyroid function in pregnant African women — A possible factor in the genesis of “small for dates” babies. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2005;20(2):35–42. doi:10.1007/BF02867398.
Article
Google Scholar
Parker DC, Pekary AE, Hershman JM. Effect of normal and reversed sleep-wake cycles upon noctohemeral rhythmicity of plasma thyrotropin: evidence suggestive of an inhibitory influence in sleep. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976;43:318–29.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Levine M, Duffy L, Moore DC, Matej LA. Acclimation of a non-indigenous sub-Arctic population: seasonal variation in thyroid function in interior Alaska. Comp Biochem Physiol. 1995;111:209–14.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ford HC, Johnson LA, Feek CM. Newton JD Iodine intake and the seasonal incidence of thyrotoxicosis in New Zealand. Clin Endocrinol. 1991;34:179–81.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Rasmussen LB, Ovesen L, Bülow I, Jørgensen T, Knudsen N, Laurberg P, Perrild H. Dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion in a Danish population: effect of geography, supplements and food choice. Br J Nutri. 2002;87:61–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Leppaluoto J, Sikkila K, Hassi J. Seasonal variation of serum TSH and thyroid hormones in males living in subarctic environmental conditions. Int J Circumpolar Health. 1998;57:383–5.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vestergaard P. Smoking and thyroid disorders: a meta analysis. Euro J Endocrinol. 2002;146:153–61.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Surks MI, Sievert R. Drugs and thyroid function. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1688–94.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Panicker V. Genetics of thyroid function and disease. Clin Biochem Rev. 2011;32(4):165–75.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Martel J, Despres N, Ahnadi CE, et al. Comparative multicentre study of a panel of thyroid tests using different automated immunoassay platforms and specimens at high risk of antibody interference. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2000;38:785–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Andersen S, Bruun NH, Pedersen KM, Laurberg P. Biologic variation is important for interpretation of thyroid function tests. Thyroid. 2003;13(11):1069–78.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Feldt-Rasmussen U, Petersen PH, Blaabjerg O, Hørder M. Long–term variability in serum thyroglobulin and thyroid related hormones in healthy subjects. Acta Endocrinol. 1980;95:328–34.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weeke J, Gundersen HJG. Circadian and 30 minutes variations in serum TSH and thyroid hormones in normal subjects. Acta Endocrinol. 1978;89:659–72.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moon H-W, Chung H-J, Park C-M, Hur M, Yun Y-M. Establishment of trimester-specific reference intervals for thyroid hormones in Korean pregnant women. Ann Lab Med. 2015;35(2):198–204. doi:10.3343/alm.2015.35.2.198.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Khalid AS, Marchocki Z, Hayes K, Lutomski JE, Joyce C, Stapleton M, et al. Establishing trimester-specific maternal thyroid function reference intervals. Ann Clin Biochem. 2014;51(Pt 2):277–83. doi:10.1177/0004563213496394.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pekary AE, Jackson IM, Goodwin TM, Pang X-P, Hein MD, Hershman JM. Increased in vitro thyrotropic activity of partially sialated human chorionic gonadotropin extracted from hydatidiform moles of patients with hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:70–4.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Glinoer D, De Nayer P, Robyn C, Lejeune B, Kinthaert J, Meuris S. Serum levels of intact human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its free α and β subunits, in relation to maternal thyroid stimulation during normal pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest. 1993;16:881–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ballabio M, Poshyachinda M, Ekins RP. Pregnancy-induced changes in thyroid function: role of human chorionic gonadotropin as putative regulator of maternal thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73:824–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Glinoer D. The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocr Rev. 1997;18:404–33.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Glinoer D. What happens to the normal thyroid during pregnancy? Thyroid. 1999;9:631–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carayon P, Lefort G, Nisula B. Interaction of human chorionic gonadotropin and human luteinizing hormone with human thyroid membranes. Endocrinology. 1980;106(6):1907–16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pedersen KM, Laurberg P, Iversen E, Knudsen PR, Gregersen HE, Rasmussen OS, Larsen KR, Eriksen GM, Johannesen PL. Amelioration of some pregnancy-associated variations in thyroid function induced by iodine supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:1078–83.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berghout A, Endert E, Ross A, Hogerzeil HV, Smits NJ, Wiersinga WM. Thyroid function and thyroid size in normal pregnant women living in an iodine replete area. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994;41:375–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Fisher DA, Hobel CJ, Garza R, Pierce CA. Thyroid function in the preterm fetus. Pediatrics. 1970;46:208–16.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lemarchand-Beraud T, Vannotti A. Relationships between blood thyrotrophin level, protein bound iodine and free thyroxine concentration in man under physiological conditions. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1969;60:315–26.
CAS
Google Scholar